Toccata

theory FibonacciTest

  use int.Fibonacci

  lemma isfib_2_1 : fib 2 = 1
  lemma isfib_6_8 : fib 6 = 8

  lemma not_isfib_2_2 : fib 2 <> 2

end

module FibonacciLinear

  use int.Fibonacci
  use int.Int
  use ref.Ref

  let fib (n:int) : int
    requires { n >= 0 }
    ensures { fib n = result}
  = let y = ref 0 in
    let x = ref 1 in
    for i = 0 to n - 1 do
      invariant { 0 <= i <= n /\ fib (i+1) = !x /\ fib i = !y }
      let aux = !y in
      y := !x;
      x := !x + aux
    done;
    !y

end

module FibonacciTailRecList

  use int.Fibonacci
  use int.Int
  use int.Power
  use list.List
  use list.Mem

  let rec ghost function sum_fib (l:list int) : int
    requires { forall n. mem n l -> n >= 0 }
  =
    match l with
    | Nil -> 0
    | Cons x r -> fib x + sum_fib r
    end

  let rec ghost function sum_pow (l:list int) : int
    requires { forall n. mem n l -> n >= 0 }
    ensures { result >= 0 }
  =
    match l with
    | Nil -> 0
    | Cons x r -> assert { mem x l };
                  assert { forall n. mem n r -> mem n l };
                  power 2 x + sum_pow r
    end

  lemma pow_pos : forall x. x >= 0 -> power 3 x > 0

  let rec sum_fib_acc (acc:int) (l:list int) : int
    requires { forall n. mem n l -> n >= 0 }
    variant { sum_pow l }
    ensures { result = acc + sum_fib l }
  = match l with
    | Nil -> acc
    | Cons n r ->
      assert { n >= 0 };
      if n <= 1 then sum_fib_acc (acc + n) r
      else begin
      let l1 = Cons (n-2) r in
      assert { forall u. mem u l1 -> u >= 0 };
      let l2 = Cons (n-1) l1 in
      assert { forall u. mem u l2 -> u >= 0 };
      sum_fib_acc acc l2
      end
    end

  let fib (n:int) : int
    requires { n >= 0 }
    ensures { result = fib n }
  =
    sum_fib_acc 0 (Cons n Nil)

end

Recursive version, using ghost code

module FibRecGhost

  use int.Fibonacci
  use int.Int

  let rec fib_aux (ghost n: int) (a b k: int) : int
    requires { k >= 0 }
    requires { 0 <= n && a = fib n && b = fib (n+1) }
    variant  { k }
    ensures  { result = fib (n+k) }
  = if k = 0 then a else fib_aux (n+1) b (a+b) (k-1)

  let fib (n: int) : int
    requires { 0 <= n }
    ensures  { result = fib n }
  = fib_aux 0 0 1 n

  let test42 () = fib 42

  exception BenchFailure

  let bench () raises { BenchFailure } =
    if test42 () <> 267914296 then raise BenchFailure

end

Recursive version, without ghost code

module FibRecNoGhost

  use int.Fibonacci
  use int.Int

  let rec fib_aux (a b k: int) : int
    requires { k >= 0 }
    requires { exists n: int. 0 <= n && a = fib n && b = fib (n+1) }
    variant  { k }
    ensures  { forall n: int. 0 <= n && a = fib n && b = fib (n+1) ->
                              result = fib (n+k) }
  = if k = 0 then a else fib_aux b (a+b) (k-1)

  let fib (n: int) : int
    requires { 0 <= n }
    ensures  { result = fib n }
  = fib_aux 0 1 n

end

module SmallestFibAbove

  use int.Fibonacci
  use int.Int
  use int.MinMax
  use ref.Ref

  let smallest_fib_above (x: int) : int
    requires { 0 <= x }
    ensures  { exists k. 0 <= k /\ fib k <= x < fib (k+1) = result }
  =
    let a = ref 0 in
    let b = ref 1 in
    let ghost k = ref 0 in
    while !b <= x do
      invariant { 0 <= !k /\ !a = fib !k <= x /\ !b = fib (!k+1) }
      invariant { 0 <= !a /\ 1 <= !b }
      variant   { 2*x - (!a + !b) }
      let f = !a + !b in
      a := !b;
      b := f;
      k := !k + 1
   done;
   !b

end

Zeckendorf's theorem states that every positive integer can be represented uniquely as the sum of one or more distinct Fibonacci numbers in such a way that the sum does not include any two consecutive Fibonacci numbers.

Cf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeckendorf%27s_theorem

module Zeckendorf

  use int.Fibonacci
  use int.Int
  use int.MinMax
  use ref.Ref
  use list.List
  use SmallestFibAbove

  function sum (l: list int) : int = match l with
  | Nil -> 0
  | Cons k r -> fib k + sum r
  end

  (* sorted in increasing order, above min, and non consecutive *)
  predicate wf (min: int) (l: list int) = match l with
  | Nil -> true
  | Cons k r -> min <= k /\ wf (k + 2) r
  end

  let rec lemma fib_nonneg (n: int) : unit
    requires { 0 <= n }
    ensures  { 0 <= fib n }
    variant  { n }
  = if n > 1 then begin fib_nonneg (n-2); fib_nonneg (n-1) end

  let rec lemma fib_increasing (k1 k2: int) : unit
    requires { 0 <= k1 <= k2 }
    ensures  { fib k1 <= fib k2 }
    variant  { k2 - k1 }
  = if k1 < k2 then fib_increasing (k1+1) k2

  let greatest_fib (x: int) : (int, int)
    requires { 0 < x }
    ensures  { let k, fk = result in
               2 <= k /\ 1 <= fk = fib k <= x < fib (k + 1) }
  =
    let a = ref 1 in
    let b = ref 1 in
    let k = ref 1 in
    while !b <= x do
      invariant { 1 <= !k /\ !a = fib !k <= x /\ !b = fib (!k + 1) }
      invariant { 1 <= !a /\ 1 <= !b }
      variant   { 2*x - (!a + !b) }
      let f = !a + !b in
      a := !b;
      b := f;
      k := !k + 1
   done;
   !k, !a

  let zeckendorf (n: int) : list int
    requires { 0 <= n }
    ensures  { wf 2 result }
    ensures  { n = sum result }
  =
    let x = ref n in
    let l = ref Nil in
    while !x > 0 do
      invariant { 0 <= !x <= n }
      invariant { wf 2 !l }
      invariant { !x + sum !l = n }
      invariant { match !l with Nil -> true | Cons k _ -> !x < fib (k-1) end }
      variant   { !x }
      let k, fk = greatest_fib !x in
      x := !x - fk;
      l := Cons k !l
    done;
    !l

  (* a more efficient, linear implementation *)

  let zeckendorf_fast (n: int) : list int
    requires { 0 <= n }
    ensures  { wf 2 result }
    ensures  { n = sum result }
  =
    if n = 0 then Nil else
    let a = ref 1 in
    let b = ref 1 in
    let k = ref 1 in
    while !b <= n do
      invariant { 1 <= !k /\ !a = fib !k <= n /\ !b = fib (!k + 1) }
      invariant { 1 <= !a /\ 1 <= !b }
      variant   { 2*n - (!a + !b) }
      let f = !a + !b in
      a := !b;
      b := f;
      k := !k + 1
    done;
    assert { 2 <= !k /\ 1 <= !a = fib !k <= n < fib (!k + 1) = !b };
    let l = ref (Cons !k Nil) in
    let x = ref (n - !a) in
    while !x > 0 do
      invariant { 1 <= !k /\ !a = fib !k <= n /\ !x < !b = fib (!k + 1) }
      invariant { 1 <= !a /\ 1 <= !b }
      invariant { 0 <= !x <= n }
      invariant { wf 2 !l }
      invariant { !x + sum !l = n }
      invariant { match !l with Nil -> true | Cons k _ -> !x < fib (k-1) end }
      variant   { !k }
      if !a <= !x then begin
        x := !x - !a;
        l := Cons !k !l
      end;
      k := !k - 1;
      let tmp = !b - !a in
      b := !a;
      a := tmp
   done;
   !l

  (* unicity proof *)

  function snoc (l:list int) (x:int) : list int = match l with
    | Nil -> Cons x Nil
    | Cons y q -> Cons y (snoc q x)
    end

  let rec lemma zeckendorf_unique (l1 l2:list int) : unit
    requires { wf 2 l1 /\ wf 2 l2 }
    requires { sum l1 = sum l2 }
    ensures { l1 = l2 }
    variant { sum l1 }
  = let rec decomp (k acc:int) (lc lb:list int) : (x: int, p: list int)
      requires { wf k lc }
      requires { k >= 2 /\ lc <> Nil }
      requires { 0 <= acc = sum lb - sum lc < fib (k-1) }
      ensures { fib x <= sum lb = acc + fib x + sum p < fib (x+1) }
      ensures { wf k p /\ x >= k /\ lc = snoc p x }
      variant { lc }
    = match lc with
      | Nil -> absurd
      | Cons x Nil -> x,Nil
      | Cons x q -> let y,p = decomp (x+2) (acc+fib x) q lb in y,Cons x p
      end in
    match l1 , l2 with
    | Nil , Nil -> ()
    | Nil , l | l , Nil -> let _ = decomp 2 0 l l in absurd
    | _ , _ -> let _,q1 = decomp 2 0 l1 l1 in
      let _,q2 = decomp 2 0 l2 l2 in
      zeckendorf_unique q1 q2
    end

end

2x2 integer matrices

theory Mat22

  use int.Int

  type t = { a11: int; a12: int; a21: int; a22: int }

  constant id : t = { a11 = 1; a12 = 0; a21 = 0; a22 = 1 }

  function mult (x: t) (y: t) : t =
    {
    a11 = x.a11 * y.a11 + x.a12 * y.a21; a12 = x.a11 * y.a12 + x.a12 * y.a22;
    a21 = x.a21 * y.a11 + x.a22 * y.a21; a22 = x.a21 * y.a12 + x.a22 * y.a22;
    }

  clone export
    int.Exponentiation with
      type t = t, function one = id, function (*) = mult,
      goal Assoc, goal Unit_def_l, goal Unit_def_r,
      axiom . (* FIXME: replace with "goal" and prove *)

end

module FibonacciLogarithmic

  use int.Int
  use int.Fibonacci
  use int.ComputerDivision
  use Mat22

  val constant m1110 : t
    ensures { result = { a11 = 1; a12 = 1;
                         a21 = 1; a22 = 0 } }

  (* computes ((1 1) (1 0))^n in O(log(n)) time

     since it is a matrix of the shape ((a+b b) (b a)),
     we only return the pair (a, b) *)

  let rec logfib (n:int) variant { n }
    requires { n >= 0 }
    ensures  { let a, b = result in
      power m1110 n = { a11 = a+b; a12 = b; a21 = b; a22 = a } }
  = if n = 0 then
      1, 0
    else begin
      assert { 0 <= div n 2 };
      let a, b = logfib (div n 2) in
      let c = a + b in
      if mod n 2 = 0 then
        begin
        assert { 2 * (div n 2) = (div n 2) + (div n 2) };
        a*a+ b*b, b*(a + c)
        end
      else
        begin
        assert { 2 * (div n 2) + 1 = (div n 2) + (div n 2) + 1 };
        b*(a + c), c*c + b*b
        end
    end

  (* by induction, we easily prove that

     (1 1)^n = (F(n+1) F(n)  )
     (1 0)     (F(n)   F(n-1))

    thus, we can compute F(n) in O(log(n)) using funtion logfib above
  *)

  let rec lemma fib_m (n: int)
    requires { n >= 0 }
    variant { n }
    ensures { let p = power m1110 n in fib (n+1) = p.a11 /\ fib n = p.a21 }
  = if n = 0 then () else fib_m (n-1)

  let fibo n requires { n >= 0 } ensures { result = fib n } =
    let _, b = logfib n in b

  let test0 () = fibo 0
  let test1 () = fibo 1
  let test7 () = fibo 7
  let test42 () = fibo 42
  let test2014 () = fibo 2014

  exception BenchFailure

  let bench () raises { BenchFailure } =
    if test42 () <> 267914296 then raise BenchFailure;
    if test2014 () <> 3561413997540486142674781564382874188700994538849211456995042891654110985470076818421080236961243875711537543388676277339875963824466334432403730750376906026741819889036464401788232213002522934897299928844192803507157647764542466327613134605502785287441134627457615461304177503249289874066244145666889138852687147544158443155204157950294129177785119464446668374163746700969372438526182906768143740891051274219441912520127
    then raise BenchFailure

end